The dataset in question is of used cars in a popular catalog from the country of Belarus. This dataset will be cleaned and analyzed, to answer several questions about the effect that certain variables have on the price point at which cars are sold at. Ultimately, Multiple Linear Regression Models, SVR, Decision Tree Regression, Random Forest Regression, and KNN will all be used to predict the market price of a used car in Belarus given the attributes found in the dataset. The accuracy of these models were analyzed and performance tested for real-world application with the help of a training and testing dataset. Afterwords, the models were compared to find the most effective model for predicting the price of a used car in Belarus. STATE OUR FINDINGS
We went through many datasets to find the one we were all interested in. We chose this dataset because it had a significant amount of samples, and there was a mixture of continuous and categorical variables. Since cars are such a big investment we all wondered what affected the price on cars. This is what sparked our initial questions and goals. Solving our proposed questions and goal we hope to gain insights in what affects car prices which would leave us with more knowledge we can use later in life. To solve our questions and answer our goal we are going to use R to make graphs to answer our questions. We will make sure to use different statistical analyses to make sure our graphs are confirmed to be accurate.
The main goal is to create a predictive model based on insights gained from analyzing the impact of variables on the selling price of a vehicle. The goal was chosen for its applicability and general interest of which attributes impact price of a used car. In addition, there will be several questions that will be answered concerning the dataset. These questions aid in solving the main goal and are important insights to be gleaned from the dataset. The questions that will be answered about the dataset are as follows:
In an attempt to gain a robust knowledge of our dataset several visualizations were used. Visualization of our data was done in two sections. Initially each attribute was graphed in order to gain a general understanding of how the samples are distributed for each attribute. This was done with the help of Bar Graphs, Histograms, Boxplots, the count function, and pie graphs.
# 2) A table to show unique car model names and quantity
View(cars_edited %>% count(model_name))
# 3) Plotting the number of cars with automatic or mechanical transmissions
transmissionGrouped <- group_by(cars_edited, transmission)
transmissionCounted <- count(transmissionGrouped)
percentTransmission <- paste0(round(100*transmissionCounted$n/sum(transmissionCounted$n), 2), "%")
pie(transmissionCounted$n, labels = percentTransmission, main = "Transmission Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(transmissionCounted)))
legend("right", c("Automatic", "Mechanical"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(length(transmissionCounted)))
# 4) Plotting cars by color and quantity
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(x = color)) + geom_bar(stat = "count", aes(fill = color)) + geom_text(stat = "count", aes(label = after_stat(count)), vjust = -1)
# 7) Graph to show what fuel distribution
FuelGrouped <- group_by(cars_edited, engine_fuel)
FuelCounted <- count(FuelGrouped)
percentFuel <- paste0(round(100*FuelCounted$n/sum(FuelCounted$n), 2), "%")
pie(FuelCounted$n, labels = percentFuel, main = "Fuel Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(FuelCounted)))
legend("bottomright", c("compressed natural gas", "diesel", "electric", "gasoline", "hybrid-diesel", "hybrid-petrol"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(nrow(FuelCounted)))
# 8) Pie graph to show engine type Distribution (Electric, Diesel, Gasoline)
TypeGrouped <- group_by(cars_edited, engine_type)
TypeCounted <- count(TypeGrouped)
percentType <- paste0(round(100*TypeCounted$n/sum(TypeCounted$n), 2), "%")
pie(TypeCounted$n, labels = percentType, main = "Type Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(TypeCounted)))
legend("right", c("diesel", "electric", "gasoline"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(nrow(TypeCounted)))
# 9) Table for Engine capacity
View(cars_edited %>% count(engine_capacity))
# 10) Bar graph Body type: count how many cars have the same body type
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(x = body_type), stat = "count") + geom_bar() + geom_text(stat = "count", aes(label = after_stat(count)), vjust = -1)
# 11) Graph Drivetrain distribution:
drivetrainGrouped <- group_by(cars_edited, drivetrain)
drivetrainCounted <- count(drivetrainGrouped)
percentdrivetrain <- paste0(round(100*drivetrainCounted$n/sum(drivetrainCounted$n), 2), "%")
pie(drivetrainCounted$n, labels = percentdrivetrain, main = "Drivetrain Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(drivetrainCounted)))
legend("right", c("all", "front", "rear"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(nrow(drivetrainCounted)))
# 12) Number of cars with same price
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(x = price_usd), stat = "count") + geom_histogram()
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
# 13) Pie Grapg exchangeabilit Distribution
exchangeableGrouped <- group_by(cars_edited, is_exchangeable)
exchangeableCounted <- count(exchangeableGrouped)
percentexchangeable <- paste0(round(100*exchangeableCounted$n/sum(exchangeableCounted$n), 2), "%")
pie(exchangeableCounted$n, labels = percentexchangeable, main = "Exchangeability Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(exchangeableCounted)))
legend("right", c("False", "True"), cex = 0.8,
fill = rainbow(nrow(exchangeableCounted)))
{# 14) Pie Graph Location region: Count the number of cars in a region} regionPriceDF <- group_by(cars_edited, location_region) regionPriceDFCount <- count(regionPriceDF) percentRegion <- paste0(round(100*regionPriceDFCount$n/sum(regionPriceDFCount$n), 2), "%") pie(regionPriceDFCount$n, labels = percentRegion, main = "Region Price Distribution", col = rainbow(nrow(regionPriceDFCount))) legend("right", c("Brest Region", "Gomel Region", "Grodno Region", "Minsk Region", "Mogilev Region", "Vitebsk Region"), cex = 0.8, fill = rainbow(length(regionPriceDF_averages$average_price_usd)))
# 15) Histogram Number of photos: Graph to see how the data is skewed
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_histogram(mapping = aes(number_of_photos))
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
# 16) Box plot Number of photos: Graph to see how the data is skewed
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_boxplot(mapping = aes(number_of_photos))
# 17) Histogram Up counter: investigating how our outliers look with our modifications
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_histogram(mapping = aes(up_counter))
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
# 18) Box plot Duration listed: investigating how our outliers look with our modifications
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_boxplot(mapping = aes(duration_listed))
# 19) Histogram Duration listed: Graph to see how the data is skewed
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_histogram(aes(duration_listed))
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
Once a general understanding of each attribute was gained we began to visualize various combinations of attributions. These visualizations were vital in seeing different relationships among our samples. The visualizations that were used were Balloon Plot, Scatterplot, frequency polygons, dplyr::summarize, and Boxplots.
# 1) Graph to show the amount of cars(by manufacturer name) in a region BALLOON PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(location_region, manufacturer_name)) + geom_count()
# 2) Graph to show the price of a car according to its year produced SCATTER PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(year_produced, price_usd)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth()
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
# 3) Graph to show the amount of cars(density) according to it's price LINE GRAPH
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(price_usd, ..density..)) + geom_freqpoly(binwidth = 500)
# 4) Graph to show the number of cars in specific colors(10 red cars, 8 blue cars etc.) by region BAR GRAPH
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(color)) + geom_bar(aes(fill = location_region))
# 5) Graph to show the price of a car according to it's millage(odometer) SCATTER PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(odometer_value, price_usd)) + geom_point(aes(color = is_exchangeable)) + geom_smooth()
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
# 6)Graph to show the price of a car according to it's year produced AND body type SCATTER PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited, aes(year_produced, price_usd)) + geom_point(aes(color = body_type)) + geom_smooth()
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
# 7) Graph to show the price of a car according to it's Odometer AND engine fuel SCATTER PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited, mapping = aes(x = odometer_value, y = price_usd)) + geom_point() + geom_smooth()
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
# Group by car body type and get it's mean price
group_by(cars_edited, body_type) %>% summarise(price_mean = mean(price_usd)) -> mean_cars
# 8) Graph to show the outliers with body type and price BOX PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_boxplot(mapping = aes(x = reorder(body_type, price_usd), y = price_usd))
# 9) Graph to show the correlation between car body type, price, AND engine fuel
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_point(mapping = aes(x = body_type, y = price_usd, color = engine_fuel))
# 10 ) Graph to show the price of a car according to it's number of photos incl. engine fuel SCATTER PLOT
ggplot(cars_edited) + geom_point(mapping = aes(x = number_of_photos, y = price_usd, color = engine_fuel))
# 11) Group cars by manufacturer, and get it's mean price
cars_edited %>% group_by(manufacturer_name) %>% summarize(mean(price_usd)) %>% View()
Several machine learning techniques were used in an attempt to create the most accurate prediction model. The models used in the project were as follows:
Multiple Linear Regression: This was used for the sake of gauging the impact of the continuous attributes on the price of the vehicle. This model is simple to understand and involves less computing power than more advance models which led to our decision to utilize this ML method as our first model.
SVR: Used to see if there is a model that can handle every attribute and adjust the model according to its impact on price. Although this model involves much more computing power we believed that the robust nature of this model lends itself to a high level of accuracy. This models effectiveness with categorical data, and ability to work with both linear and non-linear boundaries makes it a prime model for our dataset. Furthermore, in order to optimize our SVR model we will use linear, polynomial, and radial kernel transformations and compare the results from the models that we generate.
Decision Tree (Partition): Used for predictive modeling. Since it is incredibly robust and relies on very few assumptions we believed it would be able to handle possible outliers in our data and work around the size of our dataset to produce an optimal model. Its simpler nature also makes it a model that would be preferred over other models(such as Random Forest Regression or KNN).
Random Forest Regression: Albeit, Random Forest Regression is more complicated than a Decision Tree since it leverages multiple decision trees it is still a crucial model for our dataset. The reason for using this model is for the sake of seeing if we can create an even more accurate model. If we find the accuracy is marginally better it may be preferred to use a Decision Tree since its easier to compute. Nevertheless, the Random Forest Regression is a wonderful tool in creating a predictive model and worth testing out for the sake of optimization.
KNN:K Nearest Neighbor was chosen due to its popularity and simplicity. KNN is able to handle our Categorical as well as Continuous attributes and for that reason it is a good model to be used to predict price. It will be vital to compare this model with the other models to investigate how useful of a model it is for our dataset.
What graphs and techniques we chose to solve our questions and why the techniques/graphs were used.
Q: What impact does a region have on price?
A bar graph was used to show how the average price of a vehicle differed amount different regions in Belarus. However, inspection alone was not able to tell us whether region had a significant impact on the price. To test the impact of a region on price we used the One-Way Anova test. Anova was used was because the region attribute consists of several categories and we wished to see its impact on a single continuous variable.
Q: What is the distribution of manufacturers and whether manufacturers have a significant impact on the asking price of a vehicle?
Two bar graphs were used in solving this question. First a bar graph was used to plot the distribution of vehicles for each manufacturer. Then another bar graph was used as a means of quickly inspecting how average price ranged between different manufacturers. As useful as these graph were in understanding the relationship between price and manufacturer it proved to be insufficient in proving a result. In order to prove that there existed a significant relationship between manufacturer and asking price of a car One-Way Anova was utilized. Once again were were dealing with a categorical data with several categories which lends the problem nicely to this sort of test.
Q: What is the relationship between odometer and price?
A Scatter plot was used to quickly inspect for possible relationships between price and odometer. In order to get a definite response several more methods were employed. First, a correlation test was performed to check for any correlation between price and odometer. Although, correlation does not imply causation we were still able to use to information to understand that there was some relationship between the variables. Afterwords, it was natural to investigate how well of a predictor odometer was on the price of a vehicle. In order to do this a linear regression model was created to study the linear relationship and check the significance of the variable. We were later able to calculate the prediction error and come to vital conclusions from this information.
Q: Does the number of photos a vehicle has impact the selling price?
Graphs used: Scatter plot How these graphs helped us solve the problem: This graph helped us solve the problem by allowing us to see the relationship between the two variables by doing a line of best fit.
Q: Does the number of times a vehicle has been upped in the catalog to raise its position impact the selling price?
Graphs used: Scatter plot How these graphs helped us solve the problem: Using a scatter plot for this question again allowed us to see the relationship between the two variables. With that we can come up with a solution to the question.
Q: Relationship between Engine Type and Body Type? What is the impact of Engine Type and Body Type on the selling price?
Graphs used: Mosaic How these graphs helped us solve the problem: This graph helped us solve the problem by giving us a colored graph that showed the amount of cars with a specific body type and engine. We were able to confirm the acuracy of the graph and come to a conclusion.
Q: What is the most popular model and whether we can conclude that the popularity of a model has a direct impact on the price of a vehicle?
Graphs used: Count, group by, and oneway anova How these graphs helped us solve the problem: We didn’t need to have a graph for this question. It was very effective to group the data, count it and look at the view of the data.
Q: What is the average age of each vehicle manufacturer and whether the manufacturer changes how the production year impacts the selling price?
Graphs used: Scatter plot How these graphs helped us solve the problem: The use of a scatter plot here is profound. It was VERY clear of an answer, just by a quick inspection of the graph there was a clear answer.
Answer the goal here: In an attempt to create the most accurate and significant predictive model we created 6 different models which had a wide range of accuracy.
Firstly, we created a Multiple Linear Regression Model which utilized the attributes in our dataset that had continuous data. The code for this looks as follows:
LMCont <- lm(price_usd ~ odometer_value
+ year_produced
+ number_of_photos
+ duration_listed
+ up_counter
, data = train.data)
step.LMConts <- LMCont %>% stepAIC(trace = FALSE)
Now that the model is created it is vital to check the accuracy of the model. To do this we will employed our test.data to test how accurately the Linear Regression model can predict the price of a vehicle.
# Predict using Multiple Linear Regression Model
LMContPrediction <- predict(step.LMConts, test.data)
# Prediction error, rmse
RMSE(LMContPrediction,test.data$price_usd) # RMSE is 4573.511
## [1] 4573.511
# Compute R-square
R2(LMContPrediction,test.data$price_usd) ## R^2 for test/train is 50.95891%
## [1] 0.5095891
From the code above we see that our rmse is 4573.511 which represents an error rate of 4573.511/mean(test.data$price_usd) = 68.60393 which is not good at all. Meanwhile, the R2 is 0.5095891, meaning that the observed and predicted outcome values are not very correlated, which is not good. These results are not surprising whatsoever and merely inform us that the price of a vehicle in Belarus is dependent on more attributes than simply our continuous attributes. We shall procede with more robust models in order to achieve a better result.
After doing the Linear Regression Model we attempted to use SVR in order to create a more robust predictive model.
SVR is an extremely robust model which would be able to handle our categorical data and almost certainly achieve a better result that the Linear Regression Model. 3 SVR models were calculated were varying accuracies. The different methods used with SVR were linear, polynomial, and radial. Linear was the first SVR model to be run and the code was as follows:
# Create SVR Model using Linear Method
modelSVRLinTrain <- train( price_usd ~ ., data = train.data, method = "svmLinear",
trControl = trainControl("cv", number =10),
preProcess = c("center", "scale"),
tuneLength = 10
)
summary(modelSVRLinTrain)
#Length Class Mode
#1 ksvm S4
modelSVRLinTrain$bestTune
#C
#1 1
# Predict using SVR Model with Linear Method
modelSVRLinTrainPrediction <- predict(modelSVRLinTrain, test.data)
# Prediction error, rmse
RMSE(modelSVRLinTrainPrediction,test.data$price_usd)
#[1] 3257.887
# Compute R-square
R2(modelSVRLinTrainPrediction,test.data$price_usd)
#[1] 0.7772176
Our choices: Linear Regression Decision Trees SVR (Linear and NonLinear) Random Forest Regression KNN
Q: What impact does a region have on price?
A: With this data set region doesn’t have an impact on vehicle price.
Q: What is the distribution of manufacturers and whether manufacturers have a significant impact on the asking price of a vehicle?
A: We can confirm that there is a relationship between the manufacturer and asking price.
Q: What is the relationship between odometer and price?
A: The higher the odometer the lower the price is for the vehicle.
Q: Does the number of photos a vehicle has impact the selling price?
A: Yes, the more photos a vehicle has, the higher the selling price.
Q: Does the number of times a vehicle has been upped in the catalog to raise its position impact the selling price?
A: Yes, the number of times a vehicle has been upped raises the selling price
Q: Relationship between Engine Type and Body Type? What is the impact of Engine Type and Body Type on the selling price?
A: Limousine and pickup trucks appear to have the only impact.
Q: What is the most popular model and whether we can conclude that the popularity of a model has a direct impact on the price of a vehicle?
A:The popularity of a vehicle does seem to have an impact on the average_price of a vehicle.
Q: What is the average age of each vehicle manufacturer and whether the manufacturer changes how the production year impacts the selling price?
A: The manufacturer does change how the production year affects the selling price.
How the analysis of the graphs lead to the answer:
Q: What impact does a region have on price?
Justification: To answer this question we decided to use a pie chart so we can see the average prices per region in comparison with each other.
Looking at the graph it seems like only one region has an impact on the price of vehicles, that being the Minsk Region. However, we can’t conclude that with just this graph, we need to confirm this by using a one-way anova test.
group_by(regionPriceDF, regionPriceDF$location_region) %>%
summarise(
count = n(),
mean = mean(price_usd, na.rm = TRUE),
sd = sd(price_usd, na.rm = TRUE)
)
## # A tibble: 6 x 4
## `regionPriceDF$location_region` count mean sd
## <chr> <int> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Brest Region 2989 5091. 4652.
## 2 Gomel Region 3140 5022. 4603.
## 3 Grodno Region 2485 4745. 4223.
## 4 Minsk Region 24193 7668. 7117.
## 5 Mogilev Region 2678 4622. 4654.
## 6 Vitebsk Region 3005 4870. 4450.
Looking at the results of the one-way anova we can confirm our assumed conclusion. The prices between vehicles isn’t significantly different, besides being in the Minsk Region. Thus, with this data set region doesn’t have an impact on vehicle price.
Q: What is the distribution of manufacturers and whether manufacturers have a significant impact on the asking price of a vehicle?
Justification: To Tackle the question to this problem we decided to use a bar graph, since we have categorical data and continuous data.
manuPriceDF <- group_by(cars_edited, manufacturer_name)
manuPriceDF_averages <- summarise(manuPriceDF, average_price_usd = mean(price_usd))
View(manuPriceDF_averages)
ggplot(manuPriceDF_averages, aes(x = average_price_usd, y = manufacturer_name)) + geom_bar(aes(fill = manufacturer_name),stat="identity") + geom_text(aes(label = paste0("$",round(average_price_usd)), hjust = 1))
Looking at the bar graph we can make an assumption of the data, and that assumption seems is that the manufacturer of a vehicle has an impact on asking price. Again though we can’t assume it’s correct, we need to confirm this with a one-way anova test.
manuSumm <- group_by(manuPriceDF, manuPriceDF$manufacturer_name) %>%
summarise(
count = n(),
mean = mean(price_usd, na.rm = TRUE),
sd = sd(price_usd, na.rm = TRUE)
)
# Compute the analysis of variance
res.aovTwo <- aov(manuPriceDF$price_usd ~ manuPriceDF$manufacturer_name,
data = manuPriceDF)
summary(res.aovTwo)
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## manuPriceDF$manufacturer_name 54 2.917e+11 5.402e+09 160.1 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 38435 1.297e+12 3.374e+07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
With the results we can confirm that there is a relationship between the manufacturer and asking price.
Q: What is the relationship between odometer and price?
Justification: When we investigate this graph we initially notice that the line of best fit seems to be going down as the odometer value increases.
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
However, this doesn’t justify that the higher the odometer the lower the price is for the vehicle. In order to show this we will use linear regression, and check the percentage of accuracy of that line. Using this we will come up with an answer to our question.
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
summary(odometer_on_price)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = price_usd ~ odometer_value, data = cars_edited)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -11577 -3514 -1122 2064 40854
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.158e+04 6.203e+01 186.65 <2e-16 ***
## odometer_value -1.986e-02 2.186e-04 -90.82 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 5830 on 38488 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1765, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1765
## F-statistic: 8248 on 1 and 38488 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(odometer_on_price)
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 1.145654e+04 1.169971e+04
## odometer_value -2.028451e-02 -1.942748e-02
sigma(odometer_on_price)*100/mean(cars_edited$price_usd)
## [1] 87.89188
Once checking the accuracy of the linear regression, we see that it is 87.89% accurate. Thus we can conclude that the higher the odometer the lower the price of the vehicle will be.
Q: Does the number of photos a vehicle has impact the selling price?
Justification: With our scatter plot graph we added a line of best fit for the data.
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
From the graph it seems like the more photos of a vehicle there are the higher the price will be. However, we can’t make that assumption based on just this graph, we need to use linear regression to confirm this.
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Now that we have the the linear regression line we need to make sure that the line fits the data with a high accuracy.
summary(number_of_photos_on_price)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = price_usd ~ number_of_photos, data = cars_edited)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -24082 -3884 -1585 2249 44082
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3418.275 58.159 58.77 <2e-16 ***
## number_of_photos 333.297 5.098 65.38 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6095 on 38488 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.09997, Adjusted R-squared: 0.09994
## F-statistic: 4275 on 1 and 38488 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(number_of_photos_on_price)
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 3304.283 3532.2680
## number_of_photos 323.305 343.2882
sigma(number_of_photos_on_price)*100/mean(cars_edited$price_usd)
## [1] 91.88472
With the accuracy of the linear regression being 91.88% we can now conclude that the more photos a vehicle has, the higher the selling price.
Q: Does the number of times a vehicle has been upped in the catalog to raise its position impact the selling price?
Justification: With using a scatter plot and the use of a line of best fit it appears that the more a vehicle has been upped the higher the price will be.
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
Again however, we can’t assume this to be true without checking the linear regression and getting the accuracy of that line.
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
up_counter_on_price <- lm (price_usd ~ up_counter, data = cars_edited)
summary(up_counter_on_price)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = price_usd ~ up_counter, data = cars_edited)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -14558 -4502 -1852 2305 43438
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 6493.0457 34.9345 185.86 <2e-16 ***
## up_counter 8.5694 0.7548 11.35 <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6413 on 38488 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.003337, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003311
## F-statistic: 128.9 on 1 and 38488 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
confint(up_counter_on_price)
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 6424.573138 6561.51822
## up_counter 7.089888 10.04893
sigma(up_counter_on_price)*100/mean(cars_edited$price_usd)
## [1] 96.69137
Since the accuracy of the linear regression is 96.69% we can conclude that the number of times a vehicle has been upped raises the selling price
Q: Relationship between Engine Type and Body Type? What is the impact of Engine Type and Body Type on the selling price?
Justification: For this question we chose to use a mosaic plot because we are comparing more than 2 variables.
Based on this mosaic plot we can see that the body types Pickup, and Limousine are the only ones that have a significant impact on engine type. We can’t assume this however, so again let’s verify this with a few tests.
#Aov3
body_engine_type_on_price.aov3 <- aov(price_usd ~ engine_type * body_type, data = cars_edited)
summary(body_engine_type_on_price.aov3)
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## engine_type 2 1.301e+10 6.503e+09 204.12 <2e-16 ***
## body_type 11 3.457e+11 3.142e+10 986.32 <2e-16 ***
## engine_type:body_type 11 4.280e+09 3.891e+08 12.21 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 38465 1.225e+12 3.186e+07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
model.tables(body_engine_type_on_price.aov3, type="means", se = TRUE)
## Design is unbalanced - use se.contrast() for se's
## Tables of means
## Grand mean
##
## 6632.904
##
## engine_type
## diesel electric gasoline
## 7412 17465 6237
## rep 12869 10 25611
##
## body_type
## cabriolet coupe hatchback liftback limousine minibus minivan pickup sedan
## 11309 7798 4179 8023 8550 7780 5889 11470 5947
## rep 75 652 7644 551 12 1368 3608 129 12977
## suv universal van
## 13782 4786 6036
## rep 5162 5504 808
##
## engine_type:body_type
## body_type
## engine_type cabriolet coupe hatchback liftback limousine minibus minivan pickup
## diesel 6350 10120 4120 8239 8638 6897 10704
## rep 4 31 1571 96 0 1260 1956 74
## electric 15213 26475
## rep 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 0
## gasoline 11236 7325 4000 7713 8154 6462 5224 13153
## rep 71 621 6065 453 12 108 1652 55
## body_type
## engine_type sedan suv universal van
## diesel 6114 14959 5784 6942
## rep 2554 1678 2934 711
## electric
## rep 0 0 0 0
## gasoline 5701 13194 4141 4712
## rep 10423 3484 2570 97
#Tukey HSD
TukeyHSD(body_engine_type_on_price.aov3)
## Tukey multiple comparisons of means
## 95% family-wise confidence level
##
## Fit: aov(formula = price_usd ~ engine_type * body_type, data = cars_edited)
##
## $engine_type
## diff lwr upr p adj
## electric-diesel 10052.532 5867.612 14237.452 1e-07
## gasoline-diesel -1175.359 -1318.298 -1032.420 0e+00
## gasoline-electric -11227.891 -15412.002 -7043.779 0e+00
##
## $body_type
## diff lwr upr p adj
## coupe-cabriolet -3510.93890 -5760.05406 -1261.8237 0.0000218
## hatchback-cabriolet -7129.82230 -9270.19038 -4989.4542 0.0000000
## liftback-cabriolet -3285.65559 -5555.93678 -1015.3744 0.0001423
## limousine-cabriolet -2758.76153 -8493.81258 2976.2895 0.9193030
## minibus-cabriolet -3529.16912 -5716.72120 -1341.6170 0.0000088
## minivan-cabriolet -5419.24172 -7571.21007 -3267.2734 0.0000000
## pickup-cabriolet 161.12611 -2517.35454 2839.6068 1.0000000
## sedan-cabriolet -5362.19106 -7498.28165 -3226.1005 0.0000000
## suv-cabriolet 2473.04299 327.68105 4618.4049 0.0090611
## universal-cabriolet -6522.64572 -8667.05290 -4378.2385 0.0000000
## van-cabriolet -5272.55651 -7499.16037 -3045.9527 0.0000000
## hatchback-coupe -3618.88340 -4371.45730 -2866.3095 0.0000000
## liftback-coupe 225.28331 -842.12881 1292.6954 0.9999350
## limousine-coupe 752.17737 -4621.46222 6125.8170 0.9999991
## minibus-coupe -18.23022 -896.05483 859.5944 1.0000000
## minivan-coupe -1908.30282 -2693.26124 -1123.3444 0.0000000
## pickup-coupe 3672.06502 1894.58069 5449.5493 0.0000000
## sedan-coupe -1851.25216 -2591.57298 -1110.9313 0.0000000
## suv-coupe 5983.98190 5217.32043 6750.6434 0.0000000
## universal-coupe -3011.70681 -3775.69248 -2247.7211 0.0000000
## van-coupe -1761.61761 -2732.67717 -790.5581 0.0000002
## liftback-hatchback 3844.16671 3030.51741 4657.8160 0.0000000
## limousine-hatchback 4371.06077 -957.97845 9700.1000 0.2358264
## minibus-hatchback 3600.65318 3059.14363 4142.1627 0.0000000
## minivan-hatchback 1710.58058 1338.00004 2083.1611 0.0000000
## pickup-hatchback 7290.94841 5653.23443 8928.6624 0.0000000
## sedan-hatchback 1767.63124 1501.67738 2033.5851 0.0000000
## suv-hatchback 9602.86529 9270.56071 9935.1699 0.0000000
## universal-hatchback 607.17658 281.09279 933.2604 0.0000001
## van-hatchback 1857.26579 1174.90723 2539.6243 0.0000000
## limousine-liftback 526.89406 -4855.63882 5909.4269 1.0000000
## minibus-liftback -243.51353 -1174.23034 687.2033 0.9994686
## minivan-liftback -2133.58613 -2977.27887 -1289.8934 0.0000000
## pickup-liftback 3446.78170 1642.58984 5250.9736 0.0000000
## sedan-liftback -2076.53548 -2878.86498 -1274.2060 0.0000000
## suv-liftback 5758.69858 4932.00183 6585.3953 0.0000000
## universal-liftback -3236.99013 -4061.20601 -2412.7742 0.0000000
## van-liftback -1986.90092 -3006.02524 -967.7766 0.0000000
## minibus-limousine -770.40759 -6118.57248 4577.7573 0.9999987
## minivan-limousine -2660.48019 -7994.18915 2673.2288 0.8982890
## pickup-limousine 2919.88764 -2647.13509 8486.9104 0.8622214
## sedan-limousine -2603.42954 -7930.75217 2723.8931 0.9106371
## suv-limousine 5231.80452 -99.24241 10562.8515 0.0601517
## universal-limousine -3763.88419 -9094.54697 1566.7786 0.4710753
## van-limousine -2513.79498 -7878.05153 2850.4616 0.9321174
## minivan-minibus -1890.07260 -2475.75583 -1304.3894 0.0000000
## pickup-minibus 3690.29524 1991.37921 5389.2113 0.0000000
## sedan-minibus -1833.02194 -2357.36919 -1308.6747 0.0000000
## suv-minibus 6002.21211 5441.28884 6563.1354 0.0000000
## universal-minibus -2993.47660 -3550.73706 -2436.2161 0.0000000
## van-minibus -1743.38739 -2561.81380 -924.9610 0.0000000
## pickup-minivan 5580.36783 3927.52200 7233.2137 0.0000000
## sedan-minivan 57.05065 -290.11459 404.2159 0.9999950
## suv-minivan 7892.28471 7492.01157 8292.5579 0.0000000
## universal-minivan -1103.40400 -1498.52789 -708.2801 0.0000000
## van-minivan 146.68521 -571.23224 864.6026 0.9999530
## sedan-pickup -5523.31718 -7155.43682 -3891.1975 0.0000000
## suv-pickup 2311.91688 667.68168 3956.1521 0.0002708
## universal-pickup -6683.77183 -8326.76109 -5040.7826 0.0000000
## van-pickup -5433.68263 -7182.59551 -3684.7697 0.0000000
## suv-sedan 7835.23406 7531.69860 8138.7695 0.0000000
## universal-sedan -1160.45465 -1457.16677 -863.7425 0.0000000
## van-sedan 89.63455 -579.18578 758.4549 0.9999994
## universal-suv -8995.68871 -9353.08620 -8638.2912 0.0000000
## van-suv -7745.59951 -8443.46448 -7047.7345 0.0000000
## van-universal 1250.08920 555.16487 1945.0135 0.0000003
##
## $`engine_type:body_type`
## diff lwr upr
## electric:cabriolet-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:cabriolet-diesel:cabriolet 4886.12394 -6244.21419 16016.462082
## diesel:coupe-diesel:cabriolet 3770.43194 -7736.51410 15277.377968
## electric:coupe-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:coupe-diesel:cabriolet 974.87185 -9889.41214 11839.155845
## diesel:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet -2230.26043 -13073.50085 8612.980002
## electric:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet 8862.50000 -4400.82863 22125.828633
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet -2350.01229 -13183.04532 8483.020736
## diesel:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 1889.10417 -9163.66969 12941.878028
## electric:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 20124.50000 1367.32076 38881.679235
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 1362.95479 -9514.21480 12240.124385
## diesel:limousine-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:cabriolet 1804.08333 -10700.70282 14308.869490
## diesel:minibus-diesel:cabriolet 2288.02738 -8558.61110 13134.665864
## electric:minibus-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:cabriolet 112.09306 -10916.09173 11140.277845
## diesel:minivan-diesel:cabriolet 546.59630 -10293.93360 11387.126194
## electric:minivan-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:cabriolet -1125.92030 -11968.48558 9716.644987
## diesel:pickup-diesel:cabriolet 4353.90041 -6764.39842 15472.199234
## electric:pickup-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:cabriolet 6803.27600 -4413.07424 18019.626241
## diesel:sedan-diesel:cabriolet -236.46869 -11074.40825 10601.470864
## electric:sedan-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:cabriolet -649.26683 -11480.80710 10182.273447
## diesel:suv-diesel:cabriolet 8608.89306 -2233.46932 19451.255444
## electric:suv-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:cabriolet 6844.36931 -3991.30807 17680.046692
## diesel:universal-diesel:cabriolet -565.78852 -11402.63054 10271.053489
## electric:universal-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:cabriolet -2209.42317 -13047.30997 8628.463634
## diesel:van-diesel:cabriolet 592.28395 -10267.59843 11452.166331
## electric:van-diesel:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:cabriolet -1637.94608 -12688.44079 9412.548621
## gasoline:cabriolet-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:cabriolet NA NA NA
## diesel:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet -1115.69201 -5778.27915 3546.895129
## electric:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet -3911.25209 -6624.65927 -1197.844914
## diesel:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet -7116.38437 -9744.26846 -4488.500276
## electric:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet 3976.37606 -4101.11107 12053.863181
## gasoline:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet -7236.13623 -9821.57940 -4650.693069
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet -2997.01978 -6387.25898 393.219425
## electric:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet 15238.37606 -291.00528 30767.757393
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet -3523.16915 -6287.71798 -758.620326
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet -3082.04061 -9842.18770 3678.106478
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet -2598.09656 -5239.96677 43.773646
## electric:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet -4774.03089 -8083.22589 -1464.835884
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet -4339.52765 -6956.20497 -1722.850318
## electric:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet -6012.04424 -8637.14114 -3386.947338
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet -532.22354 -4130.34536 3065.898287
## electric:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet 1917.15206 -1973.40376 5807.707871
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet -5122.59264 -7728.51774 -2516.667532
## electric:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet -5535.39077 -8114.57214 -2956.209401
## diesel:suv-gasoline:cabriolet 3722.76912 1098.51040 6347.027838
## electric:suv-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:cabriolet 1958.24537 -638.25538 4554.746113
## diesel:universal-gasoline:cabriolet -5451.91247 -8053.26916 -2850.555776
## electric:universal-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:cabriolet -7095.54711 -9701.25280 -4489.841421
## diesel:van-gasoline:cabriolet -4293.83999 -6989.56941 -1598.110571
## electric:van-gasoline:cabriolet NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:cabriolet -6524.07003 -9906.87138 -3141.268670
## electric:coupe-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:coupe-diesel:coupe -2795.56008 -6781.53028 1190.410117
## diesel:hatchback-diesel:coupe -6000.69236 -9928.94321 -2072.441512
## electric:hatchback-diesel:coupe 5092.06806 -3496.94691 13681.083036
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:coupe -6120.44423 -10020.43093 -2220.457523
## diesel:liftback-diesel:coupe -1881.32777 -6355.59886 2592.943319
## electric:liftback-diesel:coupe 16354.06806 552.57875 32155.557381
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:coupe -2407.47715 -6428.43600 1613.481714
## diesel:limousine-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:coupe -1966.34860 -9330.10909 5397.411890
## diesel:minibus-diesel:coupe -1482.40455 -5420.02543 2455.216317
## electric:minibus-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:coupe -3658.33888 -8071.51818 754.840417
## diesel:minivan-diesel:coupe -3223.83564 -7144.59834 696.927065
## electric:minivan-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:coupe -4896.35223 -8822.73908 -969.965385
## diesel:pickup-diesel:coupe 583.46847 -4050.30543 5217.242374
## electric:pickup-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:coupe 3032.84406 -1831.49602 7897.184150
## diesel:sedan-diesel:coupe -4006.90063 -7920.49560 -93.305659
## electric:sedan-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:coupe -4419.69876 -8315.53712 -523.860411
## diesel:suv-diesel:coupe 4838.46113 912.63462 8764.287633
## electric:suv-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:coupe 3073.93738 -833.38857 6981.263322
## diesel:universal-diesel:coupe -4336.22046 -8246.77497 -425.665951
## electric:universal-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:coupe -5979.85510 -9893.30397 -2066.406232
## diesel:van-diesel:coupe -3178.14798 -7152.10534 795.809369
## electric:van-diesel:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:coupe -5408.37802 -9877.01595 -939.740089
## gasoline:coupe-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:hatchback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:hatchback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:liftback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:liftback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:liftback-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:limousine-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:minibus-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:minivan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:coupe NA NA NA
## diesel:hatchback-gasoline:coupe -3205.13228 -4231.78433 -2178.480228
## electric:hatchback-gasoline:coupe 7887.62815 180.87540 15594.380894
## gasoline:hatchback-gasoline:coupe -3324.88414 -4237.43879 -2412.329497
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:coupe 914.23231 -1461.04903 3289.513660
## electric:liftback-gasoline:coupe 19149.62815 3809.81315 34489.443151
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:coupe 388.08294 -950.18827 1726.354152
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:coupe 829.21148 -5483.30214 7141.725107
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:coupe 1313.15553 251.21494 2375.096121
## electric:minibus-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:coupe -862.77880 -3120.87782 1395.320227
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:coupe -428.27555 -1425.89264 569.341537
## electric:minivan-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:coupe -2100.79215 -3120.28877 -1081.295522
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:coupe 3379.02855 715.43694 6042.620168
## electric:pickup-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:coupe 5828.40415 2781.32946 8875.478838
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:coupe -1211.34054 -2180.40467 -242.276422
## electric:sedan-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:coupe -1624.13868 -2518.79849 -729.478873
## diesel:suv-gasoline:coupe 7634.02121 6616.68476 8651.357659
## electric:suv-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:coupe 5869.49746 4926.06980 6812.925117
## diesel:universal-gasoline:coupe -1540.66038 -2497.37155 -583.949207
## electric:universal-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:coupe -3184.29502 -4152.76895 -2215.821084
## diesel:van-gasoline:coupe -382.58790 -1572.20832 807.032516
## electric:van-gasoline:coupe NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:coupe -2612.81793 -4977.47111 -248.164759
## electric:hatchback-diesel:hatchback 11092.76043 3415.70147 18769.819380
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:hatchback -119.75186 -732.90134 493.397612
## diesel:liftback-diesel:hatchback 4119.36459 1842.27044 6396.458743
## electric:liftback-diesel:hatchback 22354.76043 7029.84214 37679.678717
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:hatchback 3593.21522 2438.15412 4748.276315
## diesel:limousine-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:hatchback 4034.34376 -2241.88318 10310.570698
## diesel:minibus-diesel:hatchback 4518.28781 3699.19433 5337.381282
## electric:minibus-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:hatchback 2342.35348 187.77522 4496.931747
## diesel:minivan-diesel:hatchback 2776.85673 2043.07463 3510.638817
## electric:minivan-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:hatchback 1104.34013 341.07761 1867.602647
## diesel:pickup-diesel:hatchback 6584.16083 4007.74538 9160.576285
## electric:pickup-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:hatchback 9033.53643 6062.36486 12004.707991
## diesel:sedan-diesel:hatchback 1993.79173 1299.32678 2688.256688
## electric:sedan-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:hatchback 1580.99360 994.80893 2167.178270
## diesel:suv-diesel:hatchback 10839.15349 10078.77875 11599.528231
## electric:suv-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:hatchback 9074.62974 8416.41089 9732.848581
## diesel:universal-diesel:hatchback 1664.47190 987.35111 2341.592690
## electric:universal-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:hatchback 20.83726 -672.80390 714.478422
## diesel:van-diesel:hatchback 2822.54438 1843.56888 3801.519880
## electric:van-diesel:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:hatchback 592.31434 -1673.69116 2858.319847
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:hatchback -11212.51229 -18875.14733 -3549.877252
## diesel:liftback-electric:hatchback -6973.39583 -14943.66441 996.872745
## electric:liftback-electric:hatchback 11262.00000 -5860.88364 28384.883637
## gasoline:liftback-electric:hatchback -7499.54521 -15224.45230 225.361883
## diesel:limousine-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:hatchback -7058.41667 -16944.31814 2827.484811
## diesel:minibus-electric:hatchback -6574.47262 -14256.33031 1107.385071
## electric:minibus-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:hatchback -8750.40694 -16686.54145 -814.272435
## diesel:minivan-electric:hatchback -8315.90370 -15989.13376 -642.673638
## electric:minivan-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:hatchback -9988.42030 -17664.52563 -2312.314962
## diesel:pickup-electric:hatchback -4508.59959 -12569.48913 3552.289937
## electric:pickup-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:hatchback -2059.22400 -10254.82550 6136.377498
## diesel:sedan-electric:hatchback -9098.96869 -16768.53876 -1429.398625
## electric:sedan-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:hatchback -9511.76683 -17172.29135 -1851.242309
## diesel:suv-electric:hatchback -253.60694 -7929.42567 7422.211794
## electric:suv-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:hatchback -2018.13069 -9684.50372 5648.242345
## diesel:universal-electric:hatchback -9428.28852 -17096.30756 -1760.269484
## electric:universal-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:hatchback -11071.92317 -18741.41869 -3402.427649
## diesel:van-electric:hatchback -8270.21605 -15970.76255 -569.669543
## electric:van-electric:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:hatchback -10500.44608 -18467.55374 -2533.338428
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 4239.11646 2011.13546 6467.097452
## electric:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 22474.51229 7156.81461 37792.209968
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 3712.96708 2658.02268 4767.911481
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:hatchback 4154.09562 -2104.47978 10412.671030
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:hatchback 4638.03967 3967.47598 5308.603365
## electric:minibus-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:hatchback 2462.10535 359.50005 4564.710646
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:hatchback 2896.60859 2333.42327 3459.793910
## electric:minivan-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:hatchback 1224.09199 623.00031 1825.183682
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:hatchback 6703.91270 4170.80035 9237.025037
## electric:pickup-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:hatchback 9153.28829 6219.58721 12086.989368
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:hatchback 2113.54360 1602.63938 2624.447816
## electric:sedan-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:hatchback 1700.74546 1350.95407 2050.536851
## diesel:suv-gasoline:hatchback 10958.90535 10361.48482 11556.325887
## electric:suv-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:hatchback 9194.38160 8733.95398 9654.809221
## diesel:universal-gasoline:hatchback 1784.22377 1297.15692 2271.290608
## electric:universal-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:hatchback 140.58912 -369.19476 650.373009
## diesel:van-gasoline:hatchback 2942.29624 2083.73082 3800.861662
## electric:van-gasoline:hatchback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:hatchback 712.06621 -1504.58047 2928.712884
## electric:liftback-diesel:liftback 18235.39583 2761.51243 33709.279239
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:liftback -526.14938 -2959.68860 1907.389852
## diesel:limousine-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:liftback -85.02083 -6716.68515 6546.643483
## diesel:minibus-diesel:liftback 398.92321 -1894.29748 2692.143909
## electric:minibus-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:liftback -1777.01111 -4815.12805 1261.105828
## diesel:minivan-diesel:liftback -1342.50787 -3606.65963 921.643892
## electric:minivan-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:liftback -3015.02446 -5288.90148 -741.147443
## diesel:pickup-diesel:liftback 2464.79624 -885.70576 5815.298235
## electric:pickup-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:liftback 4914.17183 1251.41229 8576.931381
## diesel:sedan-diesel:liftback -2125.57286 -4377.28967 126.143954
## electric:sedan-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:liftback -2538.37099 -4759.08248 -317.659509
## diesel:suv-diesel:liftback 6719.78890 4446.87958 8992.698218
## electric:suv-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:liftback 4955.26514 2714.46192 7196.068367
## diesel:universal-diesel:liftback -2454.89269 -4701.32088 -208.464505
## electric:universal-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:liftback -4098.52733 -6349.99021 -1847.064455
## diesel:van-diesel:liftback -1296.82021 -3651.88711 1058.246678
## electric:van-diesel:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:liftback -3527.05025 -6645.17917 -408.921327
## gasoline:liftback-electric:liftback -18761.54521 -34110.48902 -3412.601402
## diesel:limousine-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:liftback -18320.41667 -34862.69385 -1778.139482
## diesel:minibus-electric:liftback -17836.47262 -33163.79541 -2509.149826
## electric:minibus-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:liftback -20012.40694 -35468.73631 -4556.077581
## diesel:minivan-electric:liftback -19577.90370 -34900.90426 -4254.903145
## electric:minivan-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:liftback -21250.42030 -36574.86089 -5925.979702
## diesel:pickup-electric:liftback -15770.59959 -31291.35429 -249.844894
## electric:pickup-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:liftback -13321.22400 -28912.36797 2269.919972
## diesel:sedan-electric:liftback -20360.96869 -35682.13678 -5039.800608
## electric:sedan-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:liftback -20773.76683 -36090.40883 -5457.124822
## diesel:suv-electric:liftback -11515.60694 -26839.90397 3808.690098
## electric:suv-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:liftback -13280.13069 -28599.69863 2039.437253
## diesel:universal-electric:liftback -20690.28852 -36010.68024 -5369.896805
## electric:universal-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:liftback -22333.92317 -37655.05393 -7012.792402
## diesel:van-electric:liftback -19532.21605 -34868.91396 -4195.518134
## electric:van-electric:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:liftback -21762.44608 -37234.70160 -6290.190564
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:liftback 441.12854 -5893.53640 6775.793489
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:liftback 925.07259 -261.46419 2111.609370
## electric:minibus-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:liftback -1250.86173 -3570.16398 1068.440511
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:liftback -816.35849 -1945.69085 312.973863
## electric:minivan-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:liftback -2488.87509 -3637.58091 -1340.169260
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:liftback 2990.94562 275.27406 5706.617170
## electric:pickup-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:liftback 5440.32121 2347.61756 8533.024861
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:liftback -1599.42348 -2703.61413 -495.232838
## electric:sedan-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:liftback -2012.22162 -3051.72529 -972.717950
## diesel:suv-gasoline:liftback 7245.93827 6099.14921 8392.727336
## electric:suv-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:liftback 5481.41452 4399.65325 6563.175794
## diesel:universal-gasoline:liftback -1928.74331 -3022.10875 -835.377882
## electric:universal-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:liftback -3572.37796 -4676.05068 -2468.705239
## diesel:van-gasoline:liftback -770.67084 -2072.72631 531.384629
## electric:van-gasoline:liftback NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:liftback -3000.90087 -5424.06747 -577.734278
## electric:limousine-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:minibus-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:minibus-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:minivan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:suv-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:universal-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:van-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:van-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:minibus-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:minivan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:limousine NA NA NA
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:limousine 483.94405 -5798.15178 6766.039873
## electric:minibus-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:limousine -1691.99028 -8282.59126 4898.610707
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:limousine -1257.48703 -7529.02991 5014.055838
## electric:minivan-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:limousine -2930.00363 -9205.06407 3345.056809
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:limousine 2549.81707 -4190.48933 9290.123477
## electric:pickup-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:limousine 4999.19267 -1901.65325 11900.038579
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:limousine -2040.55203 -8307.61636 4226.512312
## electric:sedan-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:limousine -2453.35016 -8709.34139 3802.641072
## diesel:suv-gasoline:limousine 6804.80973 530.09989 13079.519571
## electric:suv-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:limousine 5040.28598 -1222.86546 11303.437412
## diesel:universal-gasoline:limousine -2369.87186 -8635.03797 3895.294254
## electric:universal-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:limousine -4013.50650 -10280.47961 2253.466605
## diesel:van-gasoline:limousine -1211.79938 -7516.73450 5093.135739
## electric:van-gasoline:limousine NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:limousine -3442.02942 -10069.89444 3185.835608
## electric:minibus-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:minibus -2175.93433 -4347.54914 -4.319514
## diesel:minivan-diesel:minibus -1741.43108 -2523.82456 -959.037609
## electric:minivan-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:minibus -3413.94768 -4224.05450 -2603.840858
## diesel:pickup-diesel:minibus 2065.87302 -524.80642 4656.552468
## electric:pickup-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:minibus 4515.24862 1531.69975 7498.797488
## diesel:sedan-diesel:minibus -2524.49607 -3270.14006 -1778.852083
## electric:sedan-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:minibus -2937.29421 -3583.29410 -2291.294320
## diesel:suv-diesel:minibus 6320.86568 5513.47907 7128.252290
## electric:suv-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:minibus 4556.34193 3844.33390 5268.349959
## diesel:universal-diesel:minibus -2853.81591 -3583.33352 -2124.298291
## electric:universal-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:minibus -4497.45055 -5242.32735 -3752.573746
## diesel:van-diesel:minibus -1695.74343 -2711.66489 -679.821965
## electric:van-diesel:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:minibus -3925.97346 -6208.18387 -1643.763060
## gasoline:minibus-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:minivan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:minibus NA NA NA
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:minibus 434.50324 -1706.39211 2575.398599
## electric:minivan-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:minibus -1238.01335 -3389.19127 913.164567
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:minibus 4241.80735 973.33472 7510.279984
## electric:pickup-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:minibus 6691.18294 3103.30652 10279.059368
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:minibus -348.56175 -2476.30194 1779.178448
## electric:sedan-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:minibus -761.35988 -2856.26065 1333.540886
## diesel:suv-gasoline:minibus 8496.80001 6346.64501 10646.955005
## electric:suv-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:minibus 6732.27626 4616.08893 8848.463585
## diesel:universal-gasoline:minibus -677.88158 -2800.02421 1444.261047
## electric:universal-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:minibus -2321.51622 -4448.98769 -194.044759
## diesel:van-gasoline:minibus 480.19090 -1756.63493 2717.016728
## electric:van-gasoline:minibus NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:minibus -1750.03914 -4779.85394 1279.775659
## electric:minivan-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:minivan -1672.51660 -2396.25349 -948.779698
## diesel:pickup-diesel:minivan 3807.30411 1242.32028 6372.287930
## electric:pickup-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:minivan 6256.67970 3295.41546 9217.943940
## diesel:sedan-diesel:minivan -783.06499 -1433.83914 -132.290837
## electric:sedan-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:minivan -1195.86313 -1729.56519 -662.161061
## diesel:suv-diesel:minivan 8062.29676 7341.60600 8782.987526
## electric:suv-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:minivan 6297.77301 5685.82737 6909.718657
## diesel:universal-diesel:minivan -1112.38482 -1744.61737 -480.152280
## electric:universal-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:minivan -2756.01947 -3405.91445 -2106.124483
## diesel:van-diesel:minivan 45.68765 -902.79453 994.169840
## electric:van-diesel:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:minivan -2184.54238 -4437.54180 68.457034
## gasoline:minivan-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## electric:pickup-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:minivan NA NA NA
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:minivan 5479.82070 2906.24818 8053.393224
## electric:pickup-gasoline:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:minivan 7929.19630 4960.48961 10897.902985
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:minivan 889.45160 205.60914 1573.294065
## electric:sedan-gasoline:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:minivan 476.65347 -96.90682 1050.213759
## diesel:suv-gasoline:minivan 9734.81336 8984.12788 10485.498836
## electric:suv-gasoline:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:minivan 7970.28961 7323.28807 8617.291141
## diesel:universal-gasoline:minivan 560.13177 -106.09004 1226.353582
## electric:universal-gasoline:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:minivan -1083.50287 -1766.50873 -400.497014
## diesel:van-gasoline:minivan 1718.20425 746.73527 2689.673224
## electric:van-gasoline:minivan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:minivan -512.02579 -2774.79839 1750.746822
## electric:pickup-diesel:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:pickup 2449.37559 -1406.60240 6305.353593
## diesel:sedan-diesel:pickup -4590.36910 -7144.38308 -2036.355114
## electric:sedan-diesel:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:pickup -5003.16723 -7529.88810 -2476.446369
## diesel:suv-diesel:pickup 4254.99266 1682.27511 6827.710210
## electric:suv-diesel:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:pickup 2490.46891 -53.92845 5034.866261
## diesel:universal-diesel:pickup -4919.68893 -7469.04148 -2370.336381
## electric:universal-diesel:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:pickup -6563.32357 -9117.11368 -4009.533464
## diesel:van-diesel:pickup -3761.61645 -6407.19746 -1116.035442
## electric:van-diesel:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:pickup -5991.84649 -9334.82223 -2648.870748
## gasoline:pickup-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## electric:sedan-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:pickup NA NA NA
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:pickup -7039.74469 -9991.51218 -4087.977204
## electric:sedan-gasoline:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:pickup -7452.54283 -10380.72694 -4524.358715
## diesel:suv-gasoline:pickup 1805.61706 -1162.34848 4773.582609
## electric:suv-gasoline:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:pickup 41.09331 -2902.35735 2984.543970
## diesel:universal-gasoline:pickup -7369.06452 -10316.79964 -4421.329411
## electric:universal-gasoline:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:pickup -9012.69917 -11964.27295 -6061.125384
## diesel:van-gasoline:pickup -6210.99205 -9242.33544 -3179.648655
## electric:van-gasoline:pickup NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:pickup -8441.22208 -12097.09827 -4785.345899
## electric:sedan-diesel:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:sedan -412.79814 -891.00657 65.410301
## diesel:suv-diesel:sedan 8845.36176 8164.74396 9525.979553
## electric:suv-diesel:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:sedan 7080.83800 6516.63690 7645.039107
## diesel:universal-diesel:sedan -329.31983 -915.46265 256.822984
## electric:universal-diesel:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:sedan -1972.95448 -2578.10644 -1367.802508
## diesel:van-diesel:sedan 828.75264 -89.65025 1747.155536
## electric:van-diesel:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:sedan -1401.47739 -3641.97996 839.025182
## gasoline:sedan-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## electric:suv-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:sedan NA NA NA
## diesel:suv-gasoline:sedan 9258.15989 8688.44814 9827.871646
## electric:suv-gasoline:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:sedan 7493.63614 7069.78029 7917.491990
## diesel:universal-gasoline:sedan 83.47830 -369.17421 536.130817
## electric:universal-gasoline:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:sedan -1560.15634 -2037.16766 -1083.145019
## diesel:van-gasoline:sedan 1241.55078 402.03022 2081.071339
## electric:van-gasoline:sedan NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:sedan -988.67925 -3198.01913 1220.660619
## electric:suv-diesel:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:suv -1764.52375 -2408.11606 -1120.931443
## diesel:universal-diesel:suv -9174.68159 -9837.59303 -8511.770149
## electric:universal-diesel:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:suv -10818.31623 -11498.09346 -10138.539004
## diesel:van-diesel:suv -8016.60911 -8985.81087 -7047.407354
## electric:van-diesel:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:suv -10246.83915 -12508.63930 -7985.038988
## gasoline:suv-electric:suv NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-electric:suv NA NA NA
## electric:universal-electric:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:suv NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:suv NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:suv NA NA NA
## diesel:universal-gasoline:suv -7410.15784 -7952.86759 -6867.448084
## electric:universal-gasoline:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:suv -9053.79248 -9616.97928 -8490.605675
## diesel:van-gasoline:suv -6252.08536 -7143.39582 -5360.774894
## electric:van-gasoline:suv NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:suv -8482.31539 -10711.84948 -6252.781305
## electric:universal-diesel:universal NA NA NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:universal -1643.63464 -2228.80119 -1058.468093
## diesel:van-diesel:universal 1158.07248 252.71351 2063.431444
## electric:van-diesel:universal NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:universal -1072.15756 -3307.34497 1163.029854
## gasoline:universal-electric:universal NA NA NA
## diesel:van-electric:universal NA NA NA
## electric:van-electric:universal NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-electric:universal NA NA NA
## diesel:van-gasoline:universal 2801.70712 1883.92699 3719.487247
## electric:van-gasoline:universal NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:universal 571.47708 -1668.77028 2811.724453
## electric:van-diesel:van NA NA NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:van -2230.23003 -4574.57712 114.117047
## gasoline:van-electric:van NA NA NA
## p adj
## electric:cabriolet-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:cabriolet-diesel:cabriolet 0.9996511
## diesel:coupe-diesel:cabriolet 0.9999996
## electric:coupe-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:coupe-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet 0.8154076
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 0.0178178
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:limousine-diesel:cabriolet NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:minibus-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:minibus-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:minivan-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:minivan-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:pickup-diesel:cabriolet 0.9999711
## electric:pickup-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:cabriolet 0.9321329
## diesel:sedan-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:sedan-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:suv-diesel:cabriolet 0.4292644
## electric:suv-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:cabriolet 0.8932795
## diesel:universal-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:van-diesel:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:cabriolet 1.0000000
## gasoline:cabriolet-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:coupe-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:liftback-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:suv-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:suv-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:universal-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:universal-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:van-electric:cabriolet NA
## electric:van-electric:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:van-electric:cabriolet NA
## diesel:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:coupe-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000194
## diesel:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## electric:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.9968849
## gasoline:hatchback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.1957844
## electric:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0638644
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0005776
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:cabriolet 0.9992550
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0621080
## electric:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000189
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000001
## electric:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet 1.0000000
## electric:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:cabriolet 0.9968296
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000318
## electric:suv-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:cabriolet 0.5575133
## diesel:universal-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000006
## electric:van-gasoline:cabriolet NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:cabriolet 0.0000000
## electric:coupe-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:coupe-diesel:coupe 0.7250355
## diesel:hatchback-diesel:coupe 0.0000028
## electric:hatchback-diesel:coupe 0.9485097
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:coupe 0.0000011
## diesel:liftback-diesel:coupe 0.9998589
## electric:liftback-diesel:coupe 0.0309514
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:coupe 0.9418794
## diesel:limousine-diesel:coupe NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:coupe 1.0000000
## diesel:minibus-diesel:coupe 0.9999885
## electric:minibus-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:coupe 0.3264607
## diesel:minivan-diesel:coupe 0.3451627
## electric:minivan-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:coupe 0.0009626
## diesel:pickup-diesel:coupe 1.0000000
## electric:pickup-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:coupe 0.9072200
## diesel:sedan-diesel:coupe 0.0361690
## electric:sedan-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:coupe 0.0068017
## diesel:suv-diesel:coupe 0.0012564
## electric:suv-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:coupe 0.4521546
## diesel:universal-diesel:coupe 0.0102522
## electric:universal-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:coupe 0.0000028
## diesel:van-diesel:coupe 0.4115505
## electric:van-diesel:coupe NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:coupe 0.0018706
## gasoline:coupe-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:hatchback-electric:coupe NA
## electric:hatchback-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:liftback-electric:coupe NA
## electric:liftback-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:liftback-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:limousine-electric:coupe NA
## electric:limousine-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:coupe NA
## electric:minibus-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:coupe NA
## electric:minivan-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:coupe NA
## electric:pickup-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:coupe NA
## electric:sedan-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:suv-electric:coupe NA
## electric:suv-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:universal-electric:coupe NA
## electric:universal-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:van-electric:coupe NA
## electric:van-electric:coupe NA
## gasoline:van-electric:coupe NA
## diesel:hatchback-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## electric:hatchback-gasoline:coupe 0.0363558
## gasoline:hatchback-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:coupe 0.9999806
## electric:liftback-gasoline:coupe 0.0009394
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:coupe 1.0000000
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:coupe NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:coupe 1.0000000
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:coupe 0.0011662
## electric:minibus-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:coupe 0.9999837
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:coupe 0.9997806
## electric:minivan-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:coupe 0.0006444
## electric:pickup-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:coupe 0.0009112
## electric:sedan-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:coupe 0.0000004
## electric:universal-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:coupe 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:coupe 0.9999998
## electric:van-gasoline:coupe NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:coupe 0.0109006
## electric:hatchback-diesel:hatchback 0.0000180
## gasoline:hatchback-diesel:hatchback 1.0000000
## diesel:liftback-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:liftback-diesel:hatchback 0.0000133
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:limousine-diesel:hatchback NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:hatchback 0.8721900
## diesel:minibus-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:minibus-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:hatchback 0.0143589
## diesel:minivan-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:minivan-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:hatchback 0.0000173
## diesel:pickup-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:pickup-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:suv-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:hatchback 1.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:van-diesel:hatchback NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:hatchback 1.0000000
## gasoline:hatchback-electric:hatchback 0.0000121
## diesel:liftback-electric:hatchback 0.2144133
## electric:liftback-electric:hatchback 0.8402707
## gasoline:liftback-electric:hatchback 0.0729080
## diesel:limousine-electric:hatchback NA
## electric:limousine-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:hatchback 0.6867809
## diesel:minibus-electric:hatchback 0.2573685
## electric:minibus-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:hatchback 0.0113079
## diesel:minivan-electric:hatchback 0.0151226
## electric:minivan-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:hatchback 0.0003457
## diesel:pickup-electric:hatchback 0.9762396
## electric:pickup-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:hatchback 1.0000000
## diesel:sedan-electric:hatchback 0.0028448
## electric:sedan-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:hatchback 0.0010625
## diesel:suv-electric:hatchback 1.0000000
## electric:suv-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:hatchback 1.0000000
## diesel:universal-electric:hatchback 0.0013244
## electric:universal-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:hatchback 0.0000185
## diesel:van-electric:hatchback 0.0175310
## electric:van-electric:hatchback NA
## gasoline:van-electric:hatchback 0.0002494
## diesel:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000111
## gasoline:liftback-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:hatchback NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:hatchback 0.8262069
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:minibus-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:hatchback 0.0037043
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:minivan-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:pickup-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:hatchback 1.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:hatchback 0.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:hatchback NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:hatchback 0.9999998
## electric:liftback-diesel:liftback 0.0032599
## gasoline:liftback-diesel:liftback 1.0000000
## diesel:limousine-diesel:liftback NA
## electric:limousine-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:liftback 1.0000000
## diesel:minibus-diesel:liftback 1.0000000
## electric:minibus-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:liftback 0.9565832
## diesel:minivan-diesel:liftback 0.9484205
## electric:minivan-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:liftback 0.0002131
## diesel:pickup-diesel:liftback 0.6180313
## electric:pickup-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:liftback 0.0001558
## diesel:sedan-diesel:liftback 0.1011808
## electric:sedan-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:liftback 0.0059109
## diesel:suv-diesel:liftback 0.0000000
## electric:suv-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:liftback 0.0131664
## electric:universal-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:liftback 0.9810090
## electric:van-diesel:liftback NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:liftback 0.0071790
## gasoline:liftback-electric:liftback 0.0015088
## diesel:limousine-electric:liftback NA
## electric:limousine-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:liftback 0.0104740
## diesel:minibus-electric:liftback 0.0041898
## electric:minibus-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:liftback 0.0003917
## diesel:minivan-electric:liftback 0.0005429
## electric:minivan-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:liftback 0.0000621
## diesel:pickup-electric:liftback 0.0402408
## electric:pickup-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:liftback 0.2608062
## diesel:sedan-electric:liftback 0.0002008
## electric:sedan-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:liftback 0.0001160
## diesel:suv-electric:liftback 0.5664469
## electric:suv-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:liftback 0.2319068
## diesel:universal-electric:liftback 0.0001304
## electric:universal-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:liftback 0.0000136
## diesel:van-electric:liftback 0.0005869
## electric:van-electric:liftback NA
## gasoline:van-electric:liftback 0.0000410
## diesel:limousine-gasoline:liftback NA
## electric:limousine-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:limousine-gasoline:liftback 1.0000000
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:liftback 0.4746845
## electric:minibus-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:liftback 0.9860558
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:liftback 0.6589921
## electric:minivan-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:liftback 0.0115286
## electric:pickup-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:liftback 0.0000167
## electric:sedan-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:liftback 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:liftback 0.9495495
## electric:van-gasoline:liftback NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:liftback 0.0011274
## electric:limousine-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:limousine-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:minibus-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:minibus-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:minivan-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:minivan-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:pickup-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:pickup-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:sedan-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:sedan-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:suv-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:suv-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:universal-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:universal-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:limousine NA
## diesel:van-diesel:limousine NA
## electric:van-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:limousine NA
## gasoline:limousine-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:minibus-electric:limousine NA
## electric:minibus-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:minibus-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:limousine NA
## electric:minivan-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:limousine NA
## electric:pickup-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:limousine NA
## electric:sedan-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:suv-electric:limousine NA
## electric:suv-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:universal-electric:limousine NA
## electric:universal-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:van-electric:limousine NA
## electric:van-electric:limousine NA
## gasoline:van-electric:limousine NA
## diesel:minibus-gasoline:limousine 1.0000000
## electric:minibus-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:minibus-gasoline:limousine 1.0000000
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:limousine 1.0000000
## electric:minivan-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:limousine 0.9988186
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:limousine 0.9999871
## electric:pickup-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:limousine 0.6540351
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:limousine 0.9999997
## electric:sedan-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:limousine 0.9999701
## diesel:suv-gasoline:limousine 0.0149561
## electric:suv-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:limousine 0.3963283
## diesel:universal-gasoline:limousine 0.9999871
## electric:universal-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:limousine 0.8768847
## diesel:van-gasoline:limousine 1.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:limousine NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:limousine 0.9922921
## electric:minibus-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:minibus-diesel:minibus 0.0486929
## diesel:minivan-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## electric:minivan-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-diesel:minibus 0.4186742
## electric:pickup-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:minibus 0.0000039
## diesel:sedan-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## electric:suv-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:minibus 0.0000001
## electric:van-diesel:minibus NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:minibus 0.0000000
## gasoline:minibus-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:minivan-electric:minibus NA
## electric:minivan-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:minivan-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:minibus NA
## electric:pickup-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:minibus NA
## electric:sedan-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:suv-electric:minibus NA
## electric:suv-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:universal-electric:minibus NA
## electric:universal-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:van-electric:minibus NA
## electric:van-electric:minibus NA
## gasoline:van-electric:minibus NA
## diesel:minivan-gasoline:minibus 1.0000000
## electric:minivan-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:minivan-gasoline:minibus 0.9648647
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:minibus 0.0003695
## electric:pickup-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:minibus 1.0000000
## electric:sedan-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:minibus 0.9999951
## diesel:suv-gasoline:minibus 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:minibus 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:minibus 0.9999998
## electric:universal-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:minibus 0.0134925
## diesel:van-gasoline:minibus 1.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:minibus NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:minibus 0.9631272
## electric:minivan-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:minivan-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:pickup-diesel:minivan 0.0000076
## electric:pickup-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-diesel:minivan 0.0021176
## electric:sedan-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## electric:suv-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:minivan 1.0000000
## electric:van-diesel:minivan NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:minivan 0.0740243
## gasoline:minivan-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:pickup-electric:minivan NA
## electric:pickup-electric:minivan NA
## gasoline:pickup-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:minivan NA
## electric:sedan-electric:minivan NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:suv-electric:minivan NA
## electric:suv-electric:minivan NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:universal-electric:minivan NA
## electric:universal-electric:minivan NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:van-electric:minivan NA
## electric:van-electric:minivan NA
## gasoline:van-electric:minivan NA
## diesel:pickup-gasoline:minivan 0.0000000
## electric:pickup-gasoline:minivan NA
## gasoline:pickup-gasoline:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:minivan 0.0003495
## electric:sedan-gasoline:minivan NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:minivan 0.3207608
## diesel:suv-gasoline:minivan 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:minivan NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:minivan 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:minivan 0.2949449
## electric:universal-gasoline:minivan NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:minivan 0.0000007
## diesel:van-gasoline:minivan 0.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:minivan NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:minivan 1.0000000
## electric:pickup-diesel:pickup NA
## gasoline:pickup-diesel:pickup 0.8867955
## diesel:sedan-diesel:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-diesel:pickup NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:pickup 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-diesel:pickup 0.0000001
## electric:suv-diesel:pickup NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:pickup 0.0659031
## diesel:universal-diesel:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:pickup NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:pickup 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:pickup 0.0000296
## electric:van-diesel:pickup NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:pickup 0.0000000
## gasoline:pickup-electric:pickup NA
## diesel:sedan-electric:pickup NA
## electric:sedan-electric:pickup NA
## gasoline:sedan-electric:pickup NA
## diesel:suv-electric:pickup NA
## electric:suv-electric:pickup NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:pickup NA
## diesel:universal-electric:pickup NA
## electric:universal-electric:pickup NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:pickup NA
## diesel:van-electric:pickup NA
## electric:van-electric:pickup NA
## gasoline:van-electric:pickup NA
## diesel:sedan-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-gasoline:pickup NA
## gasoline:sedan-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## diesel:suv-gasoline:pickup 0.9297101
## electric:suv-gasoline:pickup NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:pickup 1.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:pickup NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:pickup NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:pickup 0.0000000
## electric:sedan-diesel:sedan NA
## gasoline:sedan-diesel:sedan 0.2401545
## diesel:suv-diesel:sedan 0.0000000
## electric:suv-diesel:sedan NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:sedan 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:sedan 0.9746867
## electric:universal-diesel:sedan NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:sedan 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:sedan 0.1617026
## electric:van-diesel:sedan NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:sedan 0.9038666
## gasoline:sedan-electric:sedan NA
## diesel:suv-electric:sedan NA
## electric:suv-electric:sedan NA
## gasoline:suv-electric:sedan NA
## diesel:universal-electric:sedan NA
## electric:universal-electric:sedan NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:sedan NA
## diesel:van-electric:sedan NA
## electric:van-electric:sedan NA
## gasoline:van-electric:sedan NA
## diesel:suv-gasoline:sedan 0.0000000
## electric:suv-gasoline:sedan NA
## gasoline:suv-gasoline:sedan 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-gasoline:sedan 1.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:sedan NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:sedan 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:sedan 0.0000085
## electric:van-gasoline:sedan NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:sedan 0.9994851
## electric:suv-diesel:suv NA
## gasoline:suv-diesel:suv 0.0000000
## diesel:universal-diesel:suv 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:suv NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:suv 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:suv 0.0000000
## electric:van-diesel:suv NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:suv 0.0000000
## gasoline:suv-electric:suv NA
## diesel:universal-electric:suv NA
## electric:universal-electric:suv NA
## gasoline:universal-electric:suv NA
## diesel:van-electric:suv NA
## electric:van-electric:suv NA
## gasoline:van-electric:suv NA
## diesel:universal-gasoline:suv 0.0000000
## electric:universal-gasoline:suv NA
## gasoline:universal-gasoline:suv 0.0000000
## diesel:van-gasoline:suv 0.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:suv NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:suv 0.0000000
## electric:universal-diesel:universal NA
## gasoline:universal-diesel:universal 0.0000000
## diesel:van-diesel:universal 0.0005282
## electric:van-diesel:universal NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:universal 0.9980468
## gasoline:universal-electric:universal NA
## diesel:van-electric:universal NA
## electric:van-electric:universal NA
## gasoline:van-electric:universal NA
## diesel:van-gasoline:universal 0.0000000
## electric:van-gasoline:universal NA
## gasoline:van-gasoline:universal 1.0000000
## electric:van-diesel:van NA
## gasoline:van-diesel:van 0.0926816
## gasoline:van-electric:van NA
These tests confirm our original assumption. Thus, Body types Pickup, and Limousine have an impact on engine type.
Q: What is the most popular model and whether we can conclude that the popularity of a model has a direct impact on the price of a vehicle?
Justification: With the nature of this question we can figure out the answer without a graph. We just need to look at the views of the variables we create.
Because of this analysis we can conclude that the popularity of a vehicle does have an impact on the average_price of a vehicle.
Q: What is the most popular model and whether we can conclude that the popularity of a model has a direct impact on the price of a vehicle?
Justification: With the nature of this question we need to organize some data before we can graph it.
models_sorted <- group_by(cars_edited, model_name)
#Find popularity of vehicles
models_counted <- cars_edited %>% count(model_name) %>% arrange(desc(n))
#Find average price for each model
models_sorted_averages <- summarise(models_sorted, average_price_usd = mean(price_usd))
#Get the count of each model
models_sorted_avg_with_cnt <- models_sorted_averages %>% mutate(counts = count(cars_edited, model_name) %>% dplyr::select(2))
models_sorted_avg_with_cnt$counts <- as.numeric(unlist(models_sorted_avg_with_cnt$counts))
Now that we have the data in a way where the models of each of the cars has a count, with a price we can graph it.
## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'gam' and formula 'y ~ s(x, bs = "cs")'
From this scatter plot that has a line of best fit, it is kind of hard to tell what the result will be. Now we can run linear regression on this to be sure of what relationship there is.
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
Next we need to be sure of the accuracy of the linear regression line.
modelPricePerCount <- lm (average_price_usd ~ counts, data = models_sorted_avg_with_cnt)
summary(modelPricePerCount)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = average_price_usd ~ counts, data = models_sorted_avg_with_cnt)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -8887 -6096 -2217 2863 40964
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 9045.783 271.631 33.30 < 2e-16 ***
## counts -9.966 2.975 -3.35 0.000836 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 8412 on 1116 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.009954, Adjusted R-squared: 0.009067
## F-statistic: 11.22 on 1 and 1116 DF, p-value: 0.0008361
confint(modelPricePerCount)
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## (Intercept) 8512.81827 9578.747230
## counts -15.80376 -4.128411
sigma(modelPricePerCount)*100/mean(models_sorted_avg_with_cnt$average_price_usd)
## [1] 96.65859
Because of this analysis we can conclude that the popularity of a vehicle does have an impact on the average_price of a vehicle.
Q: What is the average age of each vehicle manufacturer and whether the manufacturer changes how the production year impacts the selling price?
Justification: With this question we decided to use a scatter plot and color all the points in the scatter plot with a color corresponding to a different manufacturer.
Again we can’t look at just the graph and call it a day, we need to confirm the results using a different method.
manufacturer_price <- aov(price_usd ~ manufacturer_name * year_produced, data = cars_edited)
summary(manufacturer_price)
## Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## manufacturer_name 54 2.917e+11 5.402e+09 428.4 <2e-16 ***
## year_produced 1 6.854e+11 6.854e+11 54355.5 <2e-16 ***
## manufacturer_name:year_produced 54 1.273e+11 2.357e+09 186.9 <2e-16 ***
## Residuals 38380 4.840e+11 1.261e+07
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
With these results we can confirm our original assumption. The manufacturer does change how the production year affects the selling price.